Research Output per year
Research Output 2004 2019
- 1 - 50 out of 60 results
- Publication Year, Title (descending)
2019
An Architectural Framework for Quality-Driven Adaptive Continuous Experimentation
Jimenez, M., Rivera, L. F., Villegas, N. M., Tamura, G., Muller, H. A. & Bencomo, N., 29 Aug 2019, Proceedings - 2019 IEEE/ACM Joint 4th International Workshop on Rapid Continuous Software Engineering and 1st International Workshop on Data-Driven Decisions, Experimentation and Evolution, RCoSE/DDrEE 2019. IEEE, p. 20-23 4 p. 8818213Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Design of experiments
Architectural design
Experiments
Costs
Managers
ARRoW: Automatic Runtime Reappraisal of Weights for Self-Adaptation
Bencomo, N., Garcia Paucar, L. & Yuen, K. K. F., 8 Apr 2019, The 12th Edition of the Requirements Engineering Track (RE-Track'19) is part of the 34rd ACM Symposium on Applied Computing. SAC 2019. ACM, p. 1584-1591 8 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Decision making
Adaptive systems
Specifications
Cost benefit analysis
Experiments
Knowledge Base K Models to Support Trade-Offs for Self-Adaptation using Markov Processes
Garcia Paucar, L. H. & Bencomo, N., 1 Jun 2019, Proceedings - 2019 IEEE 13th International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems, SASO 2019. IEEE, Vol. 2019-June. p. 11-16 6 p. 8780528. (2019 IEEE 13th International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems (SASO)).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Open Access
File
Markov processes
Decision making
Adaptive systems
Towards History-Aware Self-Adaptation with Explanation Capabilities
Garcia Dominguez, A., Bencomo, N., Parra Ullauri, J. M. & Garcia Paucar, L. H., 8 Aug 2019, 2019 IEEE 4th International Workshops on Foundations and Applications of Self* Systems (FAS*W). IEEE, p. 18-23 6 p. 8791972Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Self-adaptation
Adaptive systems
Adaptive Systems
Evolutionary Programming
System Architecture
2018
DeSiRE: further understanding nuances of degrees of satisfaction of non-functional requirements trade-off
Edwards, R. & Bencomo, N., 28 May 2018, Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems, SEAMS@ICSE 2018, Gothenburg, Sweden, May 28-29, 2018. ACM, p. 12-18 7 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Decision making
Adaptive systems
Experiments
Uncertainty
Improving the Decision-Making Support in Context-Aware Applications: The Case of an Adaptive Virtual Education Learning Management System
Bocanegra, J., Paucar, L. H. G., Pavlich-Mariscal, J. & Bencomo, N., 27 Apr 2018, Proceedings of the XXI Iberoamerican Conference on Software Engineering, Bogota, Colombia, April 23-27, 2018. Sanchez Puccini, M., Garces, K. & Casallas, R. (eds.). p. 220-233Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Education
Decision making
Interacting Decision-Making Agents and their Impacts on Assurances: Taxonomy and Challenges
Bencomo, N., Lewis, P. & Gotz, S., 22 Oct 2018, 2018 IEEE 8th International Model-Driven Requirements Engineering Workshop (MoDRE). IEEE, p. 79-83Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Taxonomies
Decision making
Learning systems
Engineers
Non-human Modelers: Challenges and Roadmap for Reusable Self-explanation
Garcia-Dominguez, A. & Bencomo, N., 23 Jan 2018, Software Technologies: Applications and Foundations - STAF 2017 Collocated Workshops, Revised Selected Papers. Springer, Vol. 10748 LNCS. p. 161-171 11 p. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics); vol. 10748 LNCS).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Open Access
File
Communication
Expand
Configuration
Software
Model
Perpetual assurances for self-adaptive systems
Weyns, D., Bencomo, N., Calinescu, R., Camara, J., Ghezzi, C., Grassi, V., Grunske, L., Inverardi, P., Jezequel, J. M., Malek, S., Mirandola, R., Mori, M. & Tamburrelli, G., 18 Jan 2018, Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems III. Assurances - International Seminar, Revised Selected and Invited Papers. Springer, Vol. 9640 LNCS. p. 31-63 33 p. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics); vol. 9640 LNCS).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Adaptive systems
Adaptive Systems
Concretes
Self-adaptation
Requirements
RE-STORM: mapping the decision-making problem and non-functional requirements trade-off to partially observable markov decision processes
Paucar, L. H. G. & Bencomo, N., 28 May 2018, Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems, SEAMS@ICSE 2018, Gothenburg, Sweden, May 28-29, 2018. p. 19-25 7 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Decision making
Adaptive systems
Learning systems
Specifications
Monitoring
2017
ARRoW: Tool Support for Automatic Runtime Reappraisal of Weights
Garcia Paucar, L. & Bencomo, N., 26 Sep 2017, 2017 IEEE 25th International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE). IEEE, 4 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Decision making
A survey on preferences of quality attributes in the decision-making for self-adaptive systems: The bad, the good and the ugly
Paucar, L. H. G. & Bencomo, N., 23 May 2017, CIbSE 2017 - XX Ibero-American Conference on Software Engineering. p. 1-14 14 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Open Access
File
Adaptive systems
Decision making
Specifications
Juggling Preferences in a World of Uncertainty
Garcia Paucar, L., Bencomo, N. & Yuen, K., 26 Sep 2017, 2017 IEEE 25th International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE). IEEE, 6 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Decision making
Cost benefit analysis
Adaptive systems
Specifications
Uncertainty
The Role of models@run.time in Autonomic Systems: keynote
Bencomo, N., 18 Aug 2017, Proceedings - 2017 IEEE International Conference on Autonomic Computing, ICAC 2017. IEEE, p. 293-294 2 p. 8005363. (2017 IEEE International Conference on Autonomic Computing (ICAC)).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Open Access
File
Decision making
Uncertainty
2016
RE-PREF : support for REassessment of PREFerences of non-functional requirements for better decision-making in self-adaptive systems
Paucar, L. H. G. & Bencomo, N., 2 Dec 2016, Proceedings - 2016 IEEE 24th International Requirements Engineering Conference. IEEE, p. 411-414 4 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Open Access
File
Adaptive systems
Decision making
Modeling
Runtime models based on dynamic decision networks: enhancing the decision-making in the domain of ambient assisted living applications
Garcia Paucar, L. H. & Bencomo, N., 23 Nov 2016, MRT 2016 - Models@run.time: Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Models@run.time, co-located with 19th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MoDELS 2016). Götz, S., Bencomo, N., Bellman, K. & Blair, G. (eds.). CEUR-WS.org, p. 9-17 9 p. (CEUR workshop proceedings; vol. 1742).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Open Access
File
Decision making
Adaptive systems
Specifications
Assisted living
Summary of the 11th international workshop on Models@run.time
Götz, S., Bencomo, N., Bellman, K. & Blair, G., 23 Nov 2016, MRT 2016 - Models@run.time: Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Models@run.time, co-located with 19th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MoDELS 2016). Götz, S., Bencomo, N., Bellman, K. & Blair, G. (eds.). CEUR-WS.org, 3 p. (CEUR workshop proceedings; vol. 1742).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Open Access
File
The Reassessment of Preferences of Non-Functional Requirements for Better Informed Decision-making in Self-Adaptation
Garcia Paucar, L. H. & Bencomo, N., 12 Sep 2016, Proceedings - 2016 IEEE 24th International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops. Piscataway, NJ (US): IEEE, p. 32-38 7 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
File
Adaptive systems
Decision making
Costs
Uncertainty
2015
CloudMPL: a domain specific language for describing management policies for an autonomic cloud infrastructure
Alansari, M. M., Almeida, A., Bencomo, N. & Bordbar, B., 2015, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Services Science. SciTePress, p. 451-462 12 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Open Access
File
Engines
Specifications
Cloud computing
Managers
Energy utilization
Dynamic decision-making based on NFR for managing software variability and configuration selection
Almeida, A., Bencomo, N., Batista, T., Cavalcante, E. & Dantas, F., 13 Apr 2015, Proceedings of the 30th annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, SAC '15. New York, NY (US): ACM, p. 1376-1382 7 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Open Access
File
Decision making
Monitoring
Specifications
Minimizing nasty surprises with better informed decision-making in self-adaptive systems
Hassan, S., Bencomo, N. & Bahsoon, R., 12 Aug 2015, Proceedings - 10th international symposium on Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems, SEAMS 2015. Piscataway, NJ (UK): IEEE, p. 134-144 11 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Open Access
File
Adaptive systems
Decision making
Refining
Wireless sensor networks
QuantUn: quantification of uncertainty for the reassessment of requirements
Bencomo, N., Nov 2015, 2015 IEEE 23rd International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE), proceedings. IEEE, p. 236-240 5 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Adaptive systems
Decision making
Uncertainty
Revisiting goal-oriented models for self-aware systems-of-systems
Cavalcante, E., Batista, T., Bencomo, N. & Sawyer, P., Sep 2015, Proceedings, IEEE International Conference on Autonomic Computing, ICAC 2015. Lalanda, P., Diaconescu, A., Cherkasova, L. & Kounev, S. (eds.). Piscataway, NJ (US): IEEE, p. 231-234 4 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
System of systems
Self-adaptive probabilistic roadmap generation for intelligent virtual agents
Samperi, K., Bencomo, N. & Lewis, P. R., 5 Jan 2015, Proceedings : 2014 IEEE eighth international conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing systems, SASO 2014. Piscataway, NJ (US): IEEE, p. 129-138 10 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Intelligent virtual agents
Virtual reality
Costs
Summary of the 10th International workshop on Models@run.time
Götz, S., Bencomo, N., Blair, G. & Song, H., 2015, MRT 2015 - Models@run.time: Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Models@run.time, co-located with the 18th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MoDELS 2015). Götz, S., Bencomo, N., Blair, G. & Song, H. (eds.). CEUR-WS.org, p. i-vi 6 p. (CEUR workshop proceedings; vol. 1474).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Open Access
File
Websites
Feedback
Two-B or not two-B? Design patterns for hybrid metaheuristics
Patelli, A., Bencomo, N., Ekart, A., Goldingay, H. & Lewis, P., 11 Jul 2015, GECCO Companion '15 : proceedings of the companion publication of the 2015 annual conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation. Silva, S. (ed.). New York, NY (US): ACM, p. 1269-1274 6 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
2014
A world full of surprises: Bayesian theory of surprise to quantify degrees of uncertainty
Bencomo, N. & Belaggoun, A., 31 Dec 2014, Companion : proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Software Engineering. New York, NY (US): ACM, p. 460-463 4 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Adaptive systems
Software engineering
Artificial intelligence
Chemical analysis
Uncertainty
Living with uncertainty in the age of runtime models
Giese, H., Bencomo, N., Pasquale, L., Ramirez, A. J., Inverardi, P., Wätzoldt, S. & Clarke, S., 31 Dec 2014, Models@run.time: foundations, applications, and roadmaps. Bencomo, N., France, R., Cheng, B. H. C. & Aßmann, U. (eds.). Cham (CH): Springer, p. 47-100 54 p. (Lecture Notes in computer science; vol. 8378).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Uncertainty
Model
Software System
Terminology
Ambiguous
Self-explanation in adaptive systems based on runtime goal-based models
Welsh, K., Bencomo, N., Sawyer, P. & Whittle, J., 27 Sep 2014, Transactions on Computational Collective Intelligence XVI. Kowalczyk, R. & Nguyen, N. T. (eds.). Heidelberg (DE): Springer, p. 122-145 24 p. (Lecture notes in computer science; vol. 8780).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Adaptive systems
Adaptive Systems
Requirements
Customers
Model
Summary of the 9th Workshop on Models@run.time
Götz, S., Bencomo, N. & France, R., 2014, MRT 2014 : Models@run.time 2014: Proceedings of the 9th workshop on Models@run.time, co-located with 17th international conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MODELS 2014). Götz, S., Bencomo, N. & France, R. (eds.). CEUR-WS.org, p. 1-4 4 p. (CEUR workshop proceedings; vol. 1270).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Open Access
File
2013
Bayesian artificial intelligence for tackling uncertainty in self-adaptive systems: The case of dynamic decision networks
Bencomo, N., Belaggoun, A. & Issarny, V., 4 Nov 2013, 2013 2nd International Workshop on Realizing Artificial Intelligence Synergies in Software Engineering, RAISE 2013 - Proceedings. p. 7-13 7 p. 6615198Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Adaptive systems
Artificial intelligence
Software engineering
Engineers
Decision making
Dynamic decision networks for decision-making in self-adaptive systems: a case study
Bencomo, N., Belaggoun, A. & Issarny, V., 2013, SEAMS '13 proceedings of the 8th international symposium on Software Engineering for Adaptive and self-Managing Systems. Piscataway, NJ (US) : IEEE, p. 113-122 10 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Adaptive systems
Decision making
Decision theory
Bayesian networks
Software engineering
On modeling and satisfaction of non-functional requirements using cloud computing
Gomes, R., Costa, F. & Bencomo, N., 2013, 2nd IEEE Latin American conference on Cloud computing and communications, LatinCloud 2013. IEEE, 6 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Cloud computing
Specifications
Software engineering for self-adaptive systems: A second research roadmap
De Lemos, R., Giese, H., Müller, H. A., Shaw, M., Andersson, J., Litoiu, M., Schmerl, B., Tamura, G., Villegas, N. M., Vogel, T., Weyns, D., Baresi, L., Becker, B., Brun, Y., Cukic, B., Desmarais, R., Dustdar, S., Engels, G., Geihs, K., Göschka, K. M. & 22 others, , 12 Sep 2013, Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems II - International Seminar, Revised Selected and Invited Papers. p. 1-32 32 p. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics); vol. 7475 LNCS).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Adaptive systems
Adaptive Systems
Software Engineering
Software engineering
Decentralized control
Summary of the 8th International workshop on Models@run.time
Bencomo, N., France, R., Götz, S. & Rumpe, B., 2013, MRT 2013 : Models@run.time: Proceedings of the 8th workshop on Models@run.time co-located with 16th international conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MODELS 2013). Bencomo, N., France, R., Götz, S. & Rumpe, B. (eds.). CEUR-WS.org, p. i-xii 12 p. (CEUR workshop proceedings; vol. 1079).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Open Access
File
Supporting decision-making for self-adaptive systems: from goal models to dynamic decision networks
Bencomo, N. & Belaggoun, A., 2013, Requirements engineering: foundation for software quality : 19th InternationalWorking Conference, REFSQ 2013 Essen, Germany, April 8-11, 2013 : proceedings. Dörr, J. & Opdahl, A. L. (eds.). Berlin (DE): Springer, p. 221-236 16 p. (Lecture notes in computer science; no. 7830).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Adaptive systems
Decision making
Specifications
2012
How the web of things challenges requirements engineering
Sawyer, P., Pathak, A., Bencomo, N. & Issarny, V., 2012, Current trends in web engineering: ICWE 2012 International Workshops: MDWE, ComposableWeb, WeRE, QWE, and Doctoral Consortium, Berlin, Germany, July 23-27, 2012, Revised Selected Papers. Grossniklaus, M. & Wimmer, M. (eds.). Berlin (DE): Springer, p. 170-175 6 p. (Lecture notes in computer science; no. 7703).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Requirements engineering
Ubiquitous computing
Actuators
Sensors
Internet of things
Market-awareness in service-based systems
Torres, R., Bencomo, N. & Astudillo, H., 2012, 2012 IEEE sixth international conference on self-adaptive and self-organizing systems workshops SASOW 2012. IEEE, p. 169-174 6 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Open Access
File
Specifications
Quality of service
Software agents
Mitigating the obsolescence of quality specifications models in service-based systems
Torres, R., Bencomo, N. & Astudillo, H., 2012, Mmodel-driven requirements engineering workshop (MoDRE), 2012 IEEE. IEEE, p. 68-76 9 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Open Access
File
Obsolescence
Specifications
Quality of service
Linguistics
Concretes
Relaxing claims: coping with uncertainty while evaluating assumptions at run time
Ramirez, A., H.C. Cheng, B., Bencomo, N. & Sawyer, P., 1 Sep 2012, Model driven engineering languages and systems: 15th International Conference, MODELS 2012, Innsbruck, Austria, September 30–October 5, 2012. Proceedings. France, R. B., Kazmeier, J., Breu, R. & Atkinson, C. (eds.). Springer, p. 53-69 17 p. (Lecture notes in computer science; no. 7590).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Adaptive systems
Costs
Uncertainty
Run-time model evaluation for requirements model-driven self-adaptation
Welsh, K. & Bencomo, N., 1 Jan 2012, 2012 20th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE): proceedings. IEEE, p. 329-330 2 p. (IEEE conference publications).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Open Access
File
Adaptive systems
Uncertainty
Satisfying requirements for pervasive service compositions
Cavallaro, L., Sawyer, P., Sykes, D., Bencomo, N. & Issarny, V., 2012, MRT '12 Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Models@run.time. New York, NY (US) : ACM, p. 17-22 6 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Open Access
Chemical analysis
Mobile devices
Availability
Specifications
Self-explanation in adaptive systems
Bencomo, N., Welsh, K., Sawyer, P. & Whittle, J., 2012, ICECCS '12 Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE 17th International Conference on Engineering of Complex Computer Systems. IEEE, p. 157-166 10 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Open Access
File
Adaptive systems
Testing
Experiments
Summary of the 6th international workshop on models@run.time
Bencomo, N., Blair, G., France, R., Cheng, B. H. C. & Jeanneret, C., 2012, Models in software engineering: workshops and symposia at MODELS 2011, Wellington, New Zealand, October 16-21, 2011, reports and revised selected papers. Kienzle, J. (ed.). Berlin (DE): Springer, p. 149-151 3 p. (Lecture notes in computer science; no. 7590).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
city
Summary of the 7th international workshop on Models@run.time
Bencomo, N., Blair, G., Götz, S., Morin, B. & Rumpe, B., 1 Jan 2012, MRT '12 proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Models@run.time . New York, NY (US): ACM, p. 1-2 2 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Control theory
Artificial intelligence
2011
Run-time resolution of uncertainty
Welsh, K., Sawyer, P. & Bencomo, N., 1 May 2011, 2011 IEEE 19th International Requirements Engineering Conference. IEEE, p. 355-356 2 p. (IEEE conference publications).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Open Access
File
Monitoring
Uncertainty
Summary of the 5th international workshop on models@run.time
Bencomo, N., Blair, G., Fleurey, F. & Jeanneret, C., 2011, Models in software engineering: workshops and symposia at MoDELS 2010, Oslo, Norway, October 2-8, 2010, reports and revised selected papers. Dingel, J. & Solberg, A. (eds.). Berlin (DE): Springer, p. 204-208 5 p. (Lecture notes in computer science; no. 6627).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
city
Towards requirements aware systems: run-time resolution of design-time assumptions
Welsh, K., Sawyer, P. & Bencomo, N., 2011, ASE '11: Proceedings of the 2011 26th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering. IEEE, p. 560-563 4 p. (IEEE / ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Open Access
File
Monitoring
Tracing requirements for adaptive systems using claims
Welsh, K., Bencomo, N. & Sawyer, P., 2011, TEFSE '11: Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Traceability in Emerging Forms of Software Engineering. New York, NY (US): ACM, p. 38-41 4 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
Adaptive systems
Specifications
2010
4th international workshop on Models@run.time
Bencomo, N., Blair, G., France, R., Muñoz, F. & Jeanneret, C., 2010, Models in software engineering : workshops and symposia at MODELS 2009, Denver, CO, USA, October 4-9, 2009, reports and revised selected papers. Ghosh, S. (ed.). Berlin (DE): Springer, p. 119-123 5 p. (Lecture notes in computer science; no. 6002).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
engineering
city