An Offline and Online Approach to the OLTC Condition Monitoring: a Review

Firas B. Ismail; Maisarah Mazwan; Hussein Al-Faiz; Marayati Marsadek; Hasril Hasini; Ammar Al-Bazi; Young Zaidey Yang Ghazali

doi:10.3390/en15176435

An Offline and Online Approach to the OLTC Condition Monitoring: a Review

Firas B. Ismail^*, Maisarah Mazwan, Hussein Al-Faiz, Marayati Marsadek, Hasril Hasini, Ammar Al-Bazi, Young Zaidey Yang Ghazali

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

Abstract

Transformer failures have a significant cost impact on the operation of an electrical network. In many utilities, transformers have been operating for many years past their expected usable life. As power demand has surged, transformers in some areas are being loaded beyond their rated capacity to meet the demand. One of the vital components in a transformer is the on-load tap changer (OLTC), which regulates the voltage in the distribution network. This study aims to review several condition-monitoring techniques (online and offline) that can monitor the health of the OLTC and assure the safety of the transformer’s OLTC from irreparable damage by detecting the defect at an earlier stage, which is preceded by the specification of typical faults. This paper also discussed the common faults of the OLTC and the root causes of these faults. The OLTC is prone to mechanical faults due to its frequently changing mechanism in the tap operation. The OLTC are also prone to oil as well as thermal faults. As a result, it is critical to monitor OLTC conditions while they are in use. Proper management of condition monitoring (CM) for the OLTC is useful and necessary to increase availability and achieve optimised operating. Condition monitoring (CM) and diagnostics methods (DM) have been developing since the 1950s. CM and DM have been implemented to diagnose and detect an incipient fault, especially for the OLTC. Many techniques, online and offline, are being used to monitor the condition of the OLTC to prevent failure and minimize outages. These DM and CM will prolong the operational cycle and avoid a major disaster for the OLTC, which is an unfavorable scenario.

Original language	English
Article number	6435
Journal	Energies
Volume	15
Issue number	17
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176435
Publication status	Published - 2 Sept 2022

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by Tenaga Nasional Berhad Seeding Fund with the project code: U-TD-RD-21-07, that is managed by UNITEN R&D Sdn. Bhd.

Funding Information:
The authors would like to acknowledge the publication support through TNB Seeding Fund provided by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), Project No. U-TD-RD-21-07.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Keywords

condition monitoring
diagnostic methods
electricity distribution
energy
incipient fault
on-load tap changer (OLTC)
transformer

Access to Document

10.3390/en15176435Licence: CC BY 4.0

An Offline and Online Approach to the OLTC Condition Monitoring A Review
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Final published version, 11.1 MBLicence: CC BY 4.0

Cite this

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title = "An Offline and Online Approach to the OLTC Condition Monitoring: a Review",

abstract = "Transformer failures have a significant cost impact on the operation of an electrical network. In many utilities, transformers have been operating for many years past their expected usable life. As power demand has surged, transformers in some areas are being loaded beyond their rated capacity to meet the demand. One of the vital components in a transformer is the on-load tap changer (OLTC), which regulates the voltage in the distribution network. This study aims to review several condition-monitoring techniques (online and offline) that can monitor the health of the OLTC and assure the safety of the transformer{\textquoteright}s OLTC from irreparable damage by detecting the defect at an earlier stage, which is preceded by the specification of typical faults. This paper also discussed the common faults of the OLTC and the root causes of these faults. The OLTC is prone to mechanical faults due to its frequently changing mechanism in the tap operation. The OLTC are also prone to oil as well as thermal faults. As a result, it is critical to monitor OLTC conditions while they are in use. Proper management of condition monitoring (CM) for the OLTC is useful and necessary to increase availability and achieve optimised operating. Condition monitoring (CM) and diagnostics methods (DM) have been developing since the 1950s. CM and DM have been implemented to diagnose and detect an incipient fault, especially for the OLTC. Many techniques, online and offline, are being used to monitor the condition of the OLTC to prevent failure and minimize outages. These DM and CM will prolong the operational cycle and avoid a major disaster for the OLTC, which is an unfavorable scenario.",

keywords = "condition monitoring, diagnostic methods, electricity distribution, energy, incipient fault, on-load tap changer (OLTC), transformer",

author = "Ismail, {Firas B.} and Maisarah Mazwan and Hussein Al-Faiz and Marayati Marsadek and Hasril Hasini and Ammar Al-Bazi and {Yang Ghazali}, {Young Zaidey}",

note = "Funding Information: The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by Tenaga Nasional Berhad Seeding Fund with the project code: U-TD-RD-21-07, that is managed by UNITEN R&D Sdn. Bhd. Funding Information: The authors would like to acknowledge the publication support through TNB Seeding Fund provided by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), Project No. U-TD-RD-21-07. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).",

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AU - Ismail, Firas B.

AU - Mazwan, Maisarah

AU - Al-Faiz, Hussein

AU - Marsadek, Marayati

AU - Hasini, Hasril

AU - Al-Bazi, Ammar

AU - Yang Ghazali, Young Zaidey

N1 - Funding Information: The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by Tenaga Nasional Berhad Seeding Fund with the project code: U-TD-RD-21-07, that is managed by UNITEN R&D Sdn. Bhd. Funding Information: The authors would like to acknowledge the publication support through TNB Seeding Fund provided by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), Project No. U-TD-RD-21-07. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PY - 2022/9/2

Y1 - 2022/9/2

N2 - Transformer failures have a significant cost impact on the operation of an electrical network. In many utilities, transformers have been operating for many years past their expected usable life. As power demand has surged, transformers in some areas are being loaded beyond their rated capacity to meet the demand. One of the vital components in a transformer is the on-load tap changer (OLTC), which regulates the voltage in the distribution network. This study aims to review several condition-monitoring techniques (online and offline) that can monitor the health of the OLTC and assure the safety of the transformer’s OLTC from irreparable damage by detecting the defect at an earlier stage, which is preceded by the specification of typical faults. This paper also discussed the common faults of the OLTC and the root causes of these faults. The OLTC is prone to mechanical faults due to its frequently changing mechanism in the tap operation. The OLTC are also prone to oil as well as thermal faults. As a result, it is critical to monitor OLTC conditions while they are in use. Proper management of condition monitoring (CM) for the OLTC is useful and necessary to increase availability and achieve optimised operating. Condition monitoring (CM) and diagnostics methods (DM) have been developing since the 1950s. CM and DM have been implemented to diagnose and detect an incipient fault, especially for the OLTC. Many techniques, online and offline, are being used to monitor the condition of the OLTC to prevent failure and minimize outages. These DM and CM will prolong the operational cycle and avoid a major disaster for the OLTC, which is an unfavorable scenario.

AB - Transformer failures have a significant cost impact on the operation of an electrical network. In many utilities, transformers have been operating for many years past their expected usable life. As power demand has surged, transformers in some areas are being loaded beyond their rated capacity to meet the demand. One of the vital components in a transformer is the on-load tap changer (OLTC), which regulates the voltage in the distribution network. This study aims to review several condition-monitoring techniques (online and offline) that can monitor the health of the OLTC and assure the safety of the transformer’s OLTC from irreparable damage by detecting the defect at an earlier stage, which is preceded by the specification of typical faults. This paper also discussed the common faults of the OLTC and the root causes of these faults. The OLTC is prone to mechanical faults due to its frequently changing mechanism in the tap operation. The OLTC are also prone to oil as well as thermal faults. As a result, it is critical to monitor OLTC conditions while they are in use. Proper management of condition monitoring (CM) for the OLTC is useful and necessary to increase availability and achieve optimised operating. Condition monitoring (CM) and diagnostics methods (DM) have been developing since the 1950s. CM and DM have been implemented to diagnose and detect an incipient fault, especially for the OLTC. Many techniques, online and offline, are being used to monitor the condition of the OLTC to prevent failure and minimize outages. These DM and CM will prolong the operational cycle and avoid a major disaster for the OLTC, which is an unfavorable scenario.

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KW - diagnostic methods

KW - electricity distribution

KW - energy

KW - incipient fault

KW - on-load tap changer (OLTC)

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SN - 1996-1073

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JO - Energies

JF - Energies

IS - 17

M1 - 6435

ER -

An Offline and Online Approach to the OLTC Condition Monitoring: a Review

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

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