Abstract
Becoming a skilled reader requires that children accumulate extensive experience with text through independent reading. Research shows that greater text experience is associated with stronger reading skills, better comprehension, and improved spelling, and, consequently, higher reading motivation. Reliable objective measures of children’s reading experience are therefore essential; however, because such measures are typically highly sensitive to temporal and cultural contexts, none of the existing tests are suitable for capturing the reading experience of British children today. We address this gap by introducing a new Author Recognition Test (ART) and Title Recognition Test (TRT) designed specifically for primary school children in the United Kingdom and validated with a large cohort of British pupils. The battery also includes a new multiple-choice spelling test that can be easily administered online. We further demonstrate that single-word reading and sentence reading efficiency tests from the Rapid Online Assessment of Reading (ROAR) can be adapted for use with British children and provide valid measures of reading proficiency. Together, these tools offer a much-needed, freely available resource for both researchers and practitioners, enabling reliable measurement of children’s text experience and basic literacy skills. The test battery is openly available on https://osf.io/gmv72/.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 2337-2348 |
| Number of pages | 12 |
| Journal | Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology |
| Volume | 79 |
| Issue number | 9 |
| Early online date | 23 Jan 2026 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - Sept 2026 |
Bibliographical note
Copyright © Experimental Psychology Society 2026. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).Data Access Statement
The data and materials from the present experiment are publicly available at the Open Science Framework website: https://osf.io/gmv72/.Funding
The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research was supported by a research grant from the Economic and Social Research Council (ES/W002310/1).
| Funders | Funder number |
|---|---|
| Economic and Social Research Council | ES/W002310/1 |
Keywords
- author recognition test
- reading
- spelling
- text experience
- title recognition test
- Reproducibility of Results
- Humans
- United Kingdom
- Male
- Recognition, Psychology/physiology
- Comprehension/physiology
- Reading
- Female
- Child
- Schools
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