Between cooperation and conflict: explaining strategies of regional paradiplomacy towards the EU in regions inside, outside and in transition (1992–2022)

Theoretical scholarship on the practice of paradiplomacy has not kept pace with empirical analysis. Many of the core concepts used to map paradiplomacy in scholarly literature remain generic and overly broad in scope. This Special Issue (SI) advances a fuller understanding of the dynamics, types and impacts of paradiplomacy towards the EU over the past 30 years by collating evidence of the practice of substate interactions from regions inside, outside and in transition. Rich in detail and scope, this SI brings together evidence in support of a new theoretical framework for analysis, presenting a timely future toolkit for scholarship in this field.