“Dabbling in Delicate Drugs”: Aristocracy, Darwinism, and Substance Abuse in M. P. Shiel’s The Purple Cloud

Shiel’s post-apocalyptic novel, The Purple Cloud (1901), offers Darwinian commentary on the suitability of upper-class socio-political rule, depicting the aristocracy’s struggles for basic survival despite their privilege and supposedly superior breeding. Through characters’ recreational use of narcotics, Shiel interrogates “survival of the fittest,” adaptability, sexual selection, and hierarchies in the animal world as they are perverted by human class structures. For Shiel, class is a product of luck or chance: aristocracy largely results from the right bodies existing in the right environment at the right time. This discussion triangulates Shiel’s thorny points of substance abuse, survival, and class and, in that triangulation, finds a more cohesive if pessimistic argument regarding the role of luck in the origins and future of humanity, and in the class structures that organize society.