Evaluation of Land Use/Cover Change and Urban Sprawling Pattern Using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Case Study in Thimphu, Bhutan

Leki Dorji; Sangay Kumar Shukla; Dorji Wangchuk; Karma Tandin Dorji; Kencho Gyeltshen; Nimesh Chettri; Komal Raj Aryal; Khameis Mohamed Al Abdouli

doi:10.13189/cea.2022.100625

Evaluation of Land Use/Cover Change and Urban Sprawling Pattern Using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Case Study in Thimphu, Bhutan

Leki Dorji, Sangay Kumar Shukla, Dorji Wangchuk, Karma Tandin Dorji, Kencho Gyeltshen, Nimesh Chettri^*, Komal Raj Aryal, Khameis Mohamed Al Abdouli

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

The urbanisation and multifarious upsurge of infrastructures in Bhutan have caused intense alteration of land cover topographies. These rapid changes undergoing are predominately snow cover, vegetation, water bodies, built-up, barren land, and agricultural land which are commonly called land use/land cover (LULC) change. The current research attempts to analyse concerning temporal and spatial frameworks features to observe the nature of development sprawling processes of Thimphu over 30 years (1990-2020), by using multi-temporal remote sensing data. Landsat 5, 7 and sentinel 2B imageries have been adopted for estimating land use/cover change in Thimphu for the past 30 years. The confusion matrix and Kappa coefficient methods were adopted for the classification accuracy assessment. This is further validated by field visit essentially on water bodies and barren land which were quite perplexing. The paper concludes that the largest proportion of the area (65.97%) in 1990 was under vegetation cover, followed by barren land (31.63%) and the third biggest (1.39%) was under snow cover. The current research will provide significant aid to the planners and architects to understand the pattern of development sprawling in the past and facilitate futuristic mapping the developmental activities.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	2572-2579
Number of pages	8
Journal	Civil Engineering and Architecture
Volume	10
Issue number	6
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.13189/cea.2022.100625
Publication status	Published - 31 Jul 2022

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
The author is thankful to College of Science and Technology, Royal University of Bhutan, Phuentsholing 21101, for assisting the project through providing essential reviews timely. We exuberantly thank the management of Phuentsholing Thromde (city) for their support during the entire phase of project. Heartful gratitude to all agencies for aiding us with data acquisition. The data is a record of consultancy services carried out by the authors and fund were covered from it. The author appreciates Mr. Tshewang Gepo, Chief Urban Planner, Phuentsholing Thromde for providing data and Ms. Divya Chhetri and reviewers for their insightful comments on manuscript.
Copyright: Copyright©2022 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License

Keywords

Confusion Matrix
Kappa Coefficient
Land Use Land Cover Change
Landsat Image
Maximum Likelihood Supervised Classification

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CEA25-14827654
Copyright © 2022 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
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Cite this

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title = "Evaluation of Land Use/Cover Change and Urban Sprawling Pattern Using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Case Study in Thimphu, Bhutan",

abstract = "The urbanisation and multifarious upsurge of infrastructures in Bhutan have caused intense alteration of land cover topographies. These rapid changes undergoing are predominately snow cover, vegetation, water bodies, built-up, barren land, and agricultural land which are commonly called land use/land cover (LULC) change. The current research attempts to analyse concerning temporal and spatial frameworks features to observe the nature of development sprawling processes of Thimphu over 30 years (1990-2020), by using multi-temporal remote sensing data. Landsat 5, 7 and sentinel 2B imageries have been adopted for estimating land use/cover change in Thimphu for the past 30 years. The confusion matrix and Kappa coefficient methods were adopted for the classification accuracy assessment. This is further validated by field visit essentially on water bodies and barren land which were quite perplexing. The paper concludes that the largest proportion of the area (65.97%) in 1990 was under vegetation cover, followed by barren land (31.63%) and the third biggest (1.39%) was under snow cover. The current research will provide significant aid to the planners and architects to understand the pattern of development sprawling in the past and facilitate futuristic mapping the developmental activities.",

keywords = "Confusion Matrix, Kappa Coefficient, Land Use Land Cover Change, Landsat Image, Maximum Likelihood Supervised Classification",

author = "Leki Dorji and Shukla, {Sangay Kumar} and Dorji Wangchuk and Dorji, {Karma Tandin} and Kencho Gyeltshen and Nimesh Chettri and Aryal, {Komal Raj} and Abdouli, {Khameis Mohamed Al}",

note = "Funding Information: The author is thankful to College of Science and Technology, Royal University of Bhutan, Phuentsholing 21101, for assisting the project through providing essential reviews timely. We exuberantly thank the management of Phuentsholing Thromde (city) for their support during the entire phase of project. Heartful gratitude to all agencies for aiding us with data acquisition. The data is a record of consultancy services carried out by the authors and fund were covered from it. The author appreciates Mr. Tshewang Gepo, Chief Urban Planner, Phuentsholing Thromde for providing data and Ms. Divya Chhetri and reviewers for their insightful comments on manuscript. Copyright: Copyright{\textcopyright}2022 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License ",

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doi = "10.13189/cea.2022.100625",

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AU - Shukla, Sangay Kumar

AU - Wangchuk, Dorji

AU - Dorji, Karma Tandin

AU - Gyeltshen, Kencho

AU - Chettri, Nimesh

AU - Aryal, Komal Raj

AU - Abdouli, Khameis Mohamed Al

N1 - Funding Information: The author is thankful to College of Science and Technology, Royal University of Bhutan, Phuentsholing 21101, for assisting the project through providing essential reviews timely. We exuberantly thank the management of Phuentsholing Thromde (city) for their support during the entire phase of project. Heartful gratitude to all agencies for aiding us with data acquisition. The data is a record of consultancy services carried out by the authors and fund were covered from it. The author appreciates Mr. Tshewang Gepo, Chief Urban Planner, Phuentsholing Thromde for providing data and Ms. Divya Chhetri and reviewers for their insightful comments on manuscript. Copyright: Copyright©2022 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License

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Y1 - 2022/7/31

N2 - The urbanisation and multifarious upsurge of infrastructures in Bhutan have caused intense alteration of land cover topographies. These rapid changes undergoing are predominately snow cover, vegetation, water bodies, built-up, barren land, and agricultural land which are commonly called land use/land cover (LULC) change. The current research attempts to analyse concerning temporal and spatial frameworks features to observe the nature of development sprawling processes of Thimphu over 30 years (1990-2020), by using multi-temporal remote sensing data. Landsat 5, 7 and sentinel 2B imageries have been adopted for estimating land use/cover change in Thimphu for the past 30 years. The confusion matrix and Kappa coefficient methods were adopted for the classification accuracy assessment. This is further validated by field visit essentially on water bodies and barren land which were quite perplexing. The paper concludes that the largest proportion of the area (65.97%) in 1990 was under vegetation cover, followed by barren land (31.63%) and the third biggest (1.39%) was under snow cover. The current research will provide significant aid to the planners and architects to understand the pattern of development sprawling in the past and facilitate futuristic mapping the developmental activities.

AB - The urbanisation and multifarious upsurge of infrastructures in Bhutan have caused intense alteration of land cover topographies. These rapid changes undergoing are predominately snow cover, vegetation, water bodies, built-up, barren land, and agricultural land which are commonly called land use/land cover (LULC) change. The current research attempts to analyse concerning temporal and spatial frameworks features to observe the nature of development sprawling processes of Thimphu over 30 years (1990-2020), by using multi-temporal remote sensing data. Landsat 5, 7 and sentinel 2B imageries have been adopted for estimating land use/cover change in Thimphu for the past 30 years. The confusion matrix and Kappa coefficient methods were adopted for the classification accuracy assessment. This is further validated by field visit essentially on water bodies and barren land which were quite perplexing. The paper concludes that the largest proportion of the area (65.97%) in 1990 was under vegetation cover, followed by barren land (31.63%) and the third biggest (1.39%) was under snow cover. The current research will provide significant aid to the planners and architects to understand the pattern of development sprawling in the past and facilitate futuristic mapping the developmental activities.

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KW - Kappa Coefficient

KW - Land Use Land Cover Change

KW - Landsat Image

KW - Maximum Likelihood Supervised Classification

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JO - Civil Engineering and Architecture

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ER -

Evaluation of Land Use/Cover Change and Urban Sprawling Pattern Using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Case Study in Thimphu, Bhutan

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

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