IMI - Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression 2025

Mark A Bullimore; Kathryn J Saunders; Rigmor C Baraas; David A Berntsen; Zhi Chen; Audrey Wei Lin Chia; So Goto; Jun Jiang; Weizhong Lan; Nicola S Logan; Raymond P Najjar; Jan Roelof Polling; Scott A Read; Emily C Woodman-Pieterse; Noémi Széll; Pavan K Verkicharla; Pei-Chang Wu; Xiaoying Zhu; James Loughman; Manbir Nagra; John R Phillips; Huy D M Tran; Fuensanta A Vera-Diaz; Jason Yam; Yue M Liu; Sarah E Singh; Christine F Wildsoet

doi:10.1167/iovs.66.12.39

IMI - Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression 2025

Mark A Bullimore, Kathryn J Saunders, Rigmor C Baraas, David A Berntsen, Zhi Chen, Audrey Wei Lin Chia, So Goto, Jun Jiang, Weizhong Lan, Nicola S Logan, Raymond P Najjar, Jan Roelof Polling, Scott A Read, Emily C Woodman-Pieterse, Noémi Széll, Pavan K Verkicharla, Pei-Chang Wu, Xiaoying Zhu, James Loughman, Manbir NagraJohn R Phillips, Huy D M Tran, Fuensanta A Vera-Diaz, Jason Yam, Yue M Liu, Sarah E Singh, Christine F Wildsoet

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Abstract

Myopia is recognized as a significant public health problem, particularly in East and Southeast Asia. This has led to the development and evaluation of a range of interventions to slow its progression and delay its onset. Since the publication of the 2019 International Myopia Institute's review of interventions for controlling myopia onset and progression, treatment options have continued to grow in number. This article reviews the efficacy of such interventions under five categories: optical, pharmacological, environmental (behavioral), colored light, and surgical. In summarizing the efficacy of mature technologies, only randomized controlled trials were considered, although such data are very limited for emerging treatments. The overall conclusion is that there are multiple effective interventions in most categories. Further research should aim to understand the mechanisms underlying myopia progression and the modalities that slow its progression in order to develop more effective treatments.

Original language	English
Article number	39
Number of pages	37
Journal	Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science
Volume	66
Issue number	12
Early online date	17 Sept 2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.66.12.39
Publication status	Published - 17 Sept 2025

Bibliographical note

Funding

Supported by the International Myopia Institute. The publication and dissemination costs of the International Myopia Institute reports were supported by donations from Alcon, the Brien Holden Vision Institute, Carl Zeiss Vision, CooperVision, Essilor-Luxottica, Hoya, Oculus, and Thea.

Keywords

Humans
Myopia
Myopia, Degenerative
Disease Progression
Refraction, Ocular

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10.1167/iovs.66.12.39Licence: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

IMI - Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression 2025
Copyright © 2025 The Authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Final published version, 1.28 MBLicence: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

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Bullimore, M. A., Saunders, K. J., Baraas, R. C., Berntsen, D. A., Chen, Z., Chia, A. W. L., Goto, S., Jiang, J., Lan, W., Logan, N. S., Najjar, R. P., Polling, J. R., Read, S. A., Woodman-Pieterse, E. C., Széll, N., Verkicharla, P. K., Wu, P.-C., Zhu, X., Loughman, J., ... Wildsoet, C. F. (2025). IMI - Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression 2025. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 66(12), Article 39. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.66.12.39

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abstract = "Myopia is recognized as a significant public health problem, particularly in East and Southeast Asia. This has led to the development and evaluation of a range of interventions to slow its progression and delay its onset. Since the publication of the 2019 International Myopia Institute's review of interventions for controlling myopia onset and progression, treatment options have continued to grow in number. This article reviews the efficacy of such interventions under five categories: optical, pharmacological, environmental (behavioral), colored light, and surgical. In summarizing the efficacy of mature technologies, only randomized controlled trials were considered, although such data are very limited for emerging treatments. The overall conclusion is that there are multiple effective interventions in most categories. Further research should aim to understand the mechanisms underlying myopia progression and the modalities that slow its progression in order to develop more effective treatments.",

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Bullimore, MA, Saunders, KJ, Baraas, RC, Berntsen, DA, Chen, Z, Chia, AWL, Goto, S, Jiang, J, Lan, W, Logan, NS, Najjar, RP, Polling, JR, Read, SA, Woodman-Pieterse, EC, Széll, N, Verkicharla, PK, Wu, P-C, Zhu, X, Loughman, J, Nagra, M, Phillips, JR, Tran, HDM, Vera-Diaz, FA, Yam, J, Liu, YM, Singh, SE & Wildsoet, CF 2025, 'IMI - Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression 2025', Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, vol. 66, no. 12, 39. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.66.12.39

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AU - Bullimore, Mark A

AU - Saunders, Kathryn J

AU - Baraas, Rigmor C

AU - Berntsen, David A

AU - Chen, Zhi

AU - Chia, Audrey Wei Lin

AU - Goto, So

AU - Jiang, Jun

AU - Lan, Weizhong

AU - Logan, Nicola S

AU - Najjar, Raymond P

AU - Polling, Jan Roelof

AU - Read, Scott A

AU - Woodman-Pieterse, Emily C

AU - Széll, Noémi

AU - Verkicharla, Pavan K

AU - Wu, Pei-Chang

AU - Zhu, Xiaoying

AU - Loughman, James

AU - Nagra, Manbir

AU - Phillips, John R

AU - Tran, Huy D M

AU - Vera-Diaz, Fuensanta A

AU - Yam, Jason

AU - Liu, Yue M

AU - Singh, Sarah E

AU - Wildsoet, Christine F

PY - 2025/9/17

Y1 - 2025/9/17

N2 - Myopia is recognized as a significant public health problem, particularly in East and Southeast Asia. This has led to the development and evaluation of a range of interventions to slow its progression and delay its onset. Since the publication of the 2019 International Myopia Institute's review of interventions for controlling myopia onset and progression, treatment options have continued to grow in number. This article reviews the efficacy of such interventions under five categories: optical, pharmacological, environmental (behavioral), colored light, and surgical. In summarizing the efficacy of mature technologies, only randomized controlled trials were considered, although such data are very limited for emerging treatments. The overall conclusion is that there are multiple effective interventions in most categories. Further research should aim to understand the mechanisms underlying myopia progression and the modalities that slow its progression in order to develop more effective treatments.

AB - Myopia is recognized as a significant public health problem, particularly in East and Southeast Asia. This has led to the development and evaluation of a range of interventions to slow its progression and delay its onset. Since the publication of the 2019 International Myopia Institute's review of interventions for controlling myopia onset and progression, treatment options have continued to grow in number. This article reviews the efficacy of such interventions under five categories: optical, pharmacological, environmental (behavioral), colored light, and surgical. In summarizing the efficacy of mature technologies, only randomized controlled trials were considered, although such data are very limited for emerging treatments. The overall conclusion is that there are multiple effective interventions in most categories. Further research should aim to understand the mechanisms underlying myopia progression and the modalities that slow its progression in order to develop more effective treatments.

KW - Humans

KW - Myopia

KW - Myopia, Degenerative

KW - Disease Progression

KW - Refraction, Ocular

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DO - 10.1167/iovs.66.12.39

M3 - Article

SN - 1552-5783

VL - 66

JO - Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science

JF - Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science

IS - 12

M1 - 39

ER -

IMI - Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression 2025

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funding

Keywords

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