Translation and validation of the Pharmacy Services Questionnaire (PSQ) in a Chinese population

Chi Lam Cheung; Hei Hang Edmund Yiu; Frank Nim Kok Chan; Tommy Lok Hei Cho; Janet Hiu Tung Sun; Marco Tsun Lee; Tommy Ka Ho Lee; Gladys Daphne Cheung; Kitty Kit Ki Law; Janet Kit Ting Wong; Franco Wing Tak Cheng; Leo Kin Yip Lo; William Ho Ching Yuen; Reason Pui Yan Yuen; Timothy F Chen; Esther Wai Yin Chan; Ian Chi Kei Wong; Vanessa Wai Sei Ng; Eric Yuk Fai Wan

doi:10.1080/20523211.2025.2527409

Translation and validation of the Pharmacy Services Questionnaire (PSQ) in a Chinese population

Chi Lam Cheung
, Hei Hang Edmund Yiu
, Frank Nim Kok Chan
, Tommy Lok Hei Cho
, Janet Hiu Tung Sun
, Marco Tsun Lee
, Tommy Ka Ho Lee
, Gladys Daphne Cheung
, Kitty Kit Ki Law
, Janet Kit Ting Wong
, Franco Wing Tak Cheng
, Leo Kin Yip Lo
, William Ho Ching Yuen
, Reason Pui Yan Yuen
, Timothy F Chen
, Esther Wai Yin Chan
, Ian Chi Kei Wong
, Vanessa Wai Sei Ng
, Eric Yuk Fai Wan

Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
Department of Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.
St. James' Settlement, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
The Lok Sin Tong Benevolent Society Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
Aberdeen Kai Fong Welfare Association, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.
Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health
The Institute of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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Abstract

BackgroundThe Pharmacy Services Questionnaire (PSQ) was developed to measure patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical care. However, it has not been translated into Cantonese-Chinese and validated in the Hong Kong population. To develop and validate a Cantonese-Chinese-translated PSQ among native Chinese patients who have used pharmacy services at community pharmacies in Hong Kong.MethodsThe PSQ was developed and translated into Cantonese-Chinese using iterative forward-backwards translation. Subjects were recruited by convenience sampling at three community pharmacies. Internal consistency, construct validity, discriminant validity, known-group comparison and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were performed to confirm that the Cantonese-Chinese-translated PSQ is a valid measure of its intended constructs. Qualitative think-aloud interviews were carried out to test for comprehension and content validity. The subjects' views and interpretation of each questionnaire item were also explored to determine the relevance, comprehensiveness, and adequacy of the response options.ResultsA total of 236 adult subjects were recruited to complete the Cantonese-Chinese PSQ and the Chinese 5-Level EuroQol 5-Dimension (EQ-5D-5L HK) questionnaire. Additionally, think-aloud interviews were carried out with 15 subjects. Most subjects were able to understand and interpret the Cantonese-Chinese PSQ with relative ease. The internal consistency of Cantonese-Chinese PSQ was excellent (Cronbach's α > 0.96) for the full-scale, Friendly explanation (FE) subscale and Managing therapy (MT) subscale. CFA confirmed the hypothesised two-factor structure of the Cantonese-Chinese PSQ. Individuals with higher education levels showed statistically significantly higher satisfaction levels in the overall PSQ score and MT scale score compared to those with lower levels of education. Additionally, there was no statistically significant correlation between the Cantonese-Chinese PSQ and EQ-5D-5L HK scores, demonstrating discriminant validity.ConclusionThe Cantonese-Chinese translation of the PSQ is a validated, reliable, and semantically equivalent instrument used to assess satisfaction towards services provided by community pharmacies.

Original language	English
Article number	2527409
Number of pages	18
Journal	Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice
Volume	18
Issue number	1
Early online date	17 Jul 2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1080/20523211.2025.2527409
Publication status	Published - 17 Jul 2025

Bibliographical note

Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

Funding

This work was supported by the Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust.

Keywords

Translation
Validation
Questionnaire
Satisfaction
Community Pharmacy

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10.1080/20523211.2025.2527409Licence: CC BY-NC 4.0

Translation and validation of the Pharmacy Services Questionnaire PSQ in a Chinese population
Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.
Final published version, 956 KBLicence: CC BY-NC 4.0

Cite this

Cheung, C. L., Yiu, H. H. E., Chan, F. N. K., Cho, T. L. H., Sun, J. H. T., Lee, M. T., Lee, T. K. H., Daphne Cheung, G., Law, K. K. K., Wong, J. K. T., Cheng, F. W. T., Lo, L. K. Y., Yuen, W. H. C., Yuen, R. P. Y., Chen, T. F., Yin Chan, E. W., Kei Wong, I. C., Ng, V. W. S., & Wan, E. Y. F. (2025). Translation and validation of the Pharmacy Services Questionnaire (PSQ) in a Chinese population. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 18(1), Article 2527409. https://doi.org/10.1080/20523211.2025.2527409

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abstract = "BackgroundThe Pharmacy Services Questionnaire (PSQ) was developed to measure patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical care. However, it has not been translated into Cantonese-Chinese and validated in the Hong Kong population. To develop and validate a Cantonese-Chinese-translated PSQ among native Chinese patients who have used pharmacy services at community pharmacies in Hong Kong.MethodsThe PSQ was developed and translated into Cantonese-Chinese using iterative forward-backwards translation. Subjects were recruited by convenience sampling at three community pharmacies. Internal consistency, construct validity, discriminant validity, known-group comparison and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were performed to confirm that the Cantonese-Chinese-translated PSQ is a valid measure of its intended constructs. Qualitative think-aloud interviews were carried out to test for comprehension and content validity. The subjects' views and interpretation of each questionnaire item were also explored to determine the relevance, comprehensiveness, and adequacy of the response options.ResultsA total of 236 adult subjects were recruited to complete the Cantonese-Chinese PSQ and the Chinese 5-Level EuroQol 5-Dimension (EQ-5D-5L HK) questionnaire. Additionally, think-aloud interviews were carried out with 15 subjects. Most subjects were able to understand and interpret the Cantonese-Chinese PSQ with relative ease. The internal consistency of Cantonese-Chinese PSQ was excellent (Cronbach's α > 0.96) for the full-scale, Friendly explanation (FE) subscale and Managing therapy (MT) subscale. CFA confirmed the hypothesised two-factor structure of the Cantonese-Chinese PSQ. Individuals with higher education levels showed statistically significantly higher satisfaction levels in the overall PSQ score and MT scale score compared to those with lower levels of education. Additionally, there was no statistically significant correlation between the Cantonese-Chinese PSQ and EQ-5D-5L HK scores, demonstrating discriminant validity.ConclusionThe Cantonese-Chinese translation of the PSQ is a validated, reliable, and semantically equivalent instrument used to assess satisfaction towards services provided by community pharmacies.",

keywords = "Translation, Validation, Questionnaire, Satisfaction, Community Pharmacy",

author = "Cheung, \{Chi Lam\} and Yiu, \{Hei Hang Edmund\} and Chan, \{Frank Nim Kok\} and Cho, \{Tommy Lok Hei\} and Sun, \{Janet Hiu Tung\} and Lee, \{Marco Tsun\} and Lee, \{Tommy Ka Ho\} and \{Daphne Cheung\}, Gladys and Law, \{Kitty Kit Ki\} and Wong, \{Janet Kit Ting\} and Cheng, \{Franco Wing Tak\} and Lo, \{Leo Kin Yip\} and Yuen, \{William Ho Ching\} and Yuen, \{Reason Pui Yan\} and Chen, \{Timothy F\} and \{Yin Chan\}, \{Esther Wai\} and \{Kei Wong\}, \{Ian Chi\} and Ng, \{Vanessa Wai Sei\} and Wan, \{Eric Yuk Fai\}",

note = "Copyright {\textcopyright} 2025 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.",

year = "2025",

month = jul,

day = "17",

doi = "10.1080/20523211.2025.2527409",

language = "English",

volume = "18",

journal = "Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice",

issn = "2052-3211",

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Cheung, CL, Yiu, HHE, Chan, FNK, Cho, TLH, Sun, JHT, Lee, MT, Lee, TKH, Daphne Cheung, G, Law, KKK, Wong, JKT, Cheng, FWT, Lo, LKY, Yuen, WHC, Yuen, RPY, Chen, TF, Yin Chan, EW, Kei Wong, IC, Ng, VWS & Wan, EYF 2025, 'Translation and validation of the Pharmacy Services Questionnaire (PSQ) in a Chinese population', Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, vol. 18, no. 1, 2527409. https://doi.org/10.1080/20523211.2025.2527409

TY - JOUR

T1 - Translation and validation of the Pharmacy Services Questionnaire (PSQ) in a Chinese population

AU - Cheung, Chi Lam

AU - Yiu, Hei Hang Edmund

AU - Chan, Frank Nim Kok

AU - Cho, Tommy Lok Hei

AU - Sun, Janet Hiu Tung

AU - Lee, Marco Tsun

AU - Lee, Tommy Ka Ho

AU - Daphne Cheung, Gladys

AU - Law, Kitty Kit Ki

AU - Wong, Janet Kit Ting

AU - Cheng, Franco Wing Tak

AU - Lo, Leo Kin Yip

AU - Yuen, William Ho Ching

AU - Yuen, Reason Pui Yan

AU - Chen, Timothy F

AU - Yin Chan, Esther Wai

AU - Kei Wong, Ian Chi

AU - Ng, Vanessa Wai Sei

AU - Wan, Eric Yuk Fai

N1 - Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

PY - 2025/7/17

Y1 - 2025/7/17

N2 - BackgroundThe Pharmacy Services Questionnaire (PSQ) was developed to measure patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical care. However, it has not been translated into Cantonese-Chinese and validated in the Hong Kong population. To develop and validate a Cantonese-Chinese-translated PSQ among native Chinese patients who have used pharmacy services at community pharmacies in Hong Kong.MethodsThe PSQ was developed and translated into Cantonese-Chinese using iterative forward-backwards translation. Subjects were recruited by convenience sampling at three community pharmacies. Internal consistency, construct validity, discriminant validity, known-group comparison and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were performed to confirm that the Cantonese-Chinese-translated PSQ is a valid measure of its intended constructs. Qualitative think-aloud interviews were carried out to test for comprehension and content validity. The subjects' views and interpretation of each questionnaire item were also explored to determine the relevance, comprehensiveness, and adequacy of the response options.ResultsA total of 236 adult subjects were recruited to complete the Cantonese-Chinese PSQ and the Chinese 5-Level EuroQol 5-Dimension (EQ-5D-5L HK) questionnaire. Additionally, think-aloud interviews were carried out with 15 subjects. Most subjects were able to understand and interpret the Cantonese-Chinese PSQ with relative ease. The internal consistency of Cantonese-Chinese PSQ was excellent (Cronbach's α > 0.96) for the full-scale, Friendly explanation (FE) subscale and Managing therapy (MT) subscale. CFA confirmed the hypothesised two-factor structure of the Cantonese-Chinese PSQ. Individuals with higher education levels showed statistically significantly higher satisfaction levels in the overall PSQ score and MT scale score compared to those with lower levels of education. Additionally, there was no statistically significant correlation between the Cantonese-Chinese PSQ and EQ-5D-5L HK scores, demonstrating discriminant validity.ConclusionThe Cantonese-Chinese translation of the PSQ is a validated, reliable, and semantically equivalent instrument used to assess satisfaction towards services provided by community pharmacies.

AB - BackgroundThe Pharmacy Services Questionnaire (PSQ) was developed to measure patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical care. However, it has not been translated into Cantonese-Chinese and validated in the Hong Kong population. To develop and validate a Cantonese-Chinese-translated PSQ among native Chinese patients who have used pharmacy services at community pharmacies in Hong Kong.MethodsThe PSQ was developed and translated into Cantonese-Chinese using iterative forward-backwards translation. Subjects were recruited by convenience sampling at three community pharmacies. Internal consistency, construct validity, discriminant validity, known-group comparison and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were performed to confirm that the Cantonese-Chinese-translated PSQ is a valid measure of its intended constructs. Qualitative think-aloud interviews were carried out to test for comprehension and content validity. The subjects' views and interpretation of each questionnaire item were also explored to determine the relevance, comprehensiveness, and adequacy of the response options.ResultsA total of 236 adult subjects were recruited to complete the Cantonese-Chinese PSQ and the Chinese 5-Level EuroQol 5-Dimension (EQ-5D-5L HK) questionnaire. Additionally, think-aloud interviews were carried out with 15 subjects. Most subjects were able to understand and interpret the Cantonese-Chinese PSQ with relative ease. The internal consistency of Cantonese-Chinese PSQ was excellent (Cronbach's α > 0.96) for the full-scale, Friendly explanation (FE) subscale and Managing therapy (MT) subscale. CFA confirmed the hypothesised two-factor structure of the Cantonese-Chinese PSQ. Individuals with higher education levels showed statistically significantly higher satisfaction levels in the overall PSQ score and MT scale score compared to those with lower levels of education. Additionally, there was no statistically significant correlation between the Cantonese-Chinese PSQ and EQ-5D-5L HK scores, demonstrating discriminant validity.ConclusionThe Cantonese-Chinese translation of the PSQ is a validated, reliable, and semantically equivalent instrument used to assess satisfaction towards services provided by community pharmacies.

KW - Translation

KW - Validation

KW - Questionnaire

KW - Satisfaction

KW - Community Pharmacy

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DO - 10.1080/20523211.2025.2527409

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SN - 2052-3211

VL - 18

JO - Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice

JF - Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice

IS - 1

M1 - 2527409

ER -

Translation and validation of the Pharmacy Services Questionnaire (PSQ) in a Chinese population

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funding

Keywords

Access to Document

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