Unzipping flood vulnerability and functionality loss: tale of struggle for existence of riparian buildings

Dipendra Gautam; Rabindra Adhikari; Suraj Gautam; Vishnu Prasad Pandey; Bhesh Raj Thapa; Suraj Lamichhane; Rocky Talchabhadel; Saraswati Thapa; Sunil Niraula; Komal Raj Aryal; Pravin Lamsal; Subash Bastola; Sanjay Kumar Sah; Shanti Kala Subedi; Bijaya Puri; Bidur Kandel; Pratap Sapkota; Rajesh Rupakhety

doi:10.1007/s11069-022-05433-5

Unzipping flood vulnerability and functionality loss: tale of struggle for existence of riparian buildings

Dipendra Gautam^*
, Rabindra Adhikari
, Suraj Gautam
, Vishnu Prasad Pandey
, Bhesh Raj Thapa
, Suraj Lamichhane
, Rocky Talchabhadel
, Saraswati Thapa
, Sunil Niraula
, Komal Raj Aryal
, Pravin Lamsal
, Subash Bastola
, Sanjay Kumar Sah
, Shanti Kala Subedi
, Bijaya Puri
, Bidur Kandel
, Pratap Sapkota
, Rajesh Rupakhety

^*Corresponding author for this work

Cosmos College of Management and Technology
IRIS
Institute of Engineering Pulchowk
Institute of Himalayan Risk Reduction
Universal Engineering and Science College
Texas A&M University
Edinburgh Napier University
Himalaya College of Engineering
Geovation Nepal
Krishnam Smart Engineering Solutions
Nepal Engineering College
Nepal Telecom
University of Iceland

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

20 Citations (Scopus)

14 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Floods pose significant risk to riparian buildings as evidenced during many historical events. Although structural resilience to tsunami flooding is well studied in the literature, high-velocity and debris-laden floods in steep terrains are not considered adequately so far. Historical floods in steep terrains necessitate the need for flood vulnerability analysis of buildings. To this end, we report vulnerability of riparian-reinforced concrete buildings using forensic damage interpretations and empirical/analytical vulnerability analyses. Furthermore, we propose the concept and implications of functionality loss due to flooding in residential reinforced concrete (RC) buildings using empirical data. Fragility functions using inundation depth and momentum flux are presented for RC buildings considering a recent flooding event in Nepal. The results show that flow velocity and sediment load, rather than hydrostatic load, govern the damages in riparian RC buildings. However, at larger inundation depth, hydrostatic force alone may collapse some of the RC buildings.

Original language	English
Journal	Natural Hazards
Early online date	18 Jun 2022
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05433-5
Publication status	E-pub ahead of print - 18 Jun 2022

Bibliographical note

Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Funding

Authors are grateful to the support provided by the Nepal Engineers’ Association, in particular Tri Ratna Bajracharya, for the field reconnaissance. This work is developed based on the observations made during the field reconnaissance. Also, authors acknowledge the contribution by Tuk Lal Adhikari, Indra Prasad Acharya, Pawan Kumar Bhattarai, Santosh Kumar Yadav, Bhim Kumar Dahal, and Chanda Hada who discussed various aspects under multidisciplinary perspectives and provided us with insightful suggestions. Rajesh Rupakhety acknowledges support from the University of Iceland Research Fund that partially financed his role in this study. The authors gratefully acknowledge generous philanthropic support from the Office of the Vice President of the Rabdan Academy, The United Arab Emirates (UAE) for the open access support.

Keywords

Flood performance
Flood risk
Flood vulnerability
Fragility function
Functionality loss
RC
Riparian building

Access to Document

10.1007/s11069-022-05433-5

Unzipping flood vulnerability and functionality loss_s11069-022-05433-5
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Final published version, 2.07 MBLicence: CC BY 4.0

Cite this

Gautam, D., Adhikari, R., Gautam, S., Pandey, V. P., Thapa, B. R., Lamichhane, S., Talchabhadel, R., Thapa, S., Niraula, S., Aryal, K. R., Lamsal, P., Bastola, S., Sah, S. K., Subedi, S. K., Puri, B., Kandel, B., Sapkota, P., & Rupakhety, R. (2022). Unzipping flood vulnerability and functionality loss: tale of struggle for existence of riparian buildings. Natural Hazards. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05433-5

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abstract = "Floods pose significant risk to riparian buildings as evidenced during many historical events. Although structural resilience to tsunami flooding is well studied in the literature, high-velocity and debris-laden floods in steep terrains are not considered adequately so far. Historical floods in steep terrains necessitate the need for flood vulnerability analysis of buildings. To this end, we report vulnerability of riparian-reinforced concrete buildings using forensic damage interpretations and empirical/analytical vulnerability analyses. Furthermore, we propose the concept and implications of functionality loss due to flooding in residential reinforced concrete (RC) buildings using empirical data. Fragility functions using inundation depth and momentum flux are presented for RC buildings considering a recent flooding event in Nepal. The results show that flow velocity and sediment load, rather than hydrostatic load, govern the damages in riparian RC buildings. However, at larger inundation depth, hydrostatic force alone may collapse some of the RC buildings.",

keywords = "Flood performance, Flood risk, Flood vulnerability, Fragility function, Functionality loss, RC, Riparian building",

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Gautam, D, Adhikari, R, Gautam, S, Pandey, VP, Thapa, BR, Lamichhane, S, Talchabhadel, R, Thapa, S, Niraula, S, Aryal, KR, Lamsal, P, Bastola, S, Sah, SK, Subedi, SK, Puri, B, Kandel, B, Sapkota, P & Rupakhety, R 2022, 'Unzipping flood vulnerability and functionality loss: tale of struggle for existence of riparian buildings', Natural Hazards. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05433-5

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AU - Gautam, Dipendra

AU - Adhikari, Rabindra

AU - Gautam, Suraj

AU - Pandey, Vishnu Prasad

AU - Thapa, Bhesh Raj

AU - Lamichhane, Suraj

AU - Talchabhadel, Rocky

AU - Thapa, Saraswati

AU - Niraula, Sunil

AU - Aryal, Komal Raj

AU - Lamsal, Pravin

AU - Bastola, Subash

AU - Sah, Sanjay Kumar

AU - Subedi, Shanti Kala

AU - Puri, Bijaya

AU - Kandel, Bidur

AU - Sapkota, Pratap

AU - Rupakhety, Rajesh

N1 - Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

PY - 2022/6/18

Y1 - 2022/6/18

N2 - Floods pose significant risk to riparian buildings as evidenced during many historical events. Although structural resilience to tsunami flooding is well studied in the literature, high-velocity and debris-laden floods in steep terrains are not considered adequately so far. Historical floods in steep terrains necessitate the need for flood vulnerability analysis of buildings. To this end, we report vulnerability of riparian-reinforced concrete buildings using forensic damage interpretations and empirical/analytical vulnerability analyses. Furthermore, we propose the concept and implications of functionality loss due to flooding in residential reinforced concrete (RC) buildings using empirical data. Fragility functions using inundation depth and momentum flux are presented for RC buildings considering a recent flooding event in Nepal. The results show that flow velocity and sediment load, rather than hydrostatic load, govern the damages in riparian RC buildings. However, at larger inundation depth, hydrostatic force alone may collapse some of the RC buildings.

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KW - Flood risk

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Unzipping flood vulnerability and functionality loss: tale of struggle for existence of riparian buildings

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funding

Keywords

Access to Document

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