Update and guidance on management of myopia. European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute

János Németh; Beáta Tapasztó; Wagih A Aclimandos; Philippe Kestelyn; Jost B Jonas; Jan-Tjeerd H N De Faber; Ingrida Januleviciene; Andrzej Grzybowski; Zoltán Zsolt Nagy; Olavi Pärssinen; Jeremy A Guggenheim; Peter M Allen; Rigmor C Baraas; Kathryn J Saunders; Daniel Ian Flitcroft; Lyle S Gray; Jan Roelof Polling; Annechien EG Haarman; J Willem L Tideman; James Stuart Wolffsohn; Siegfried Wahl; Jeroen A Mulder; Irina Yurievna Smirnova; Marino Formenti; Hema Radhakrishnan; Serge Resnikoff

doi:10.1177/1120672121998960

Update and guidance on management of myopia. European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute

János Németh
, Beáta Tapasztó
, Wagih A Aclimandos
, Philippe Kestelyn
, Jost B Jonas
, Jan-Tjeerd H N De Faber
, Ingrida Januleviciene
, Andrzej Grzybowski
, Zoltán Zsolt Nagy
, Olavi Pärssinen
, Jeremy A Guggenheim
, Peter M Allen
, Rigmor C Baraas
, Kathryn J Saunders
, Daniel Ian Flitcroft
, Lyle S Gray
, Jan Roelof Polling
, Annechien EG Haarman
, J Willem L Tideman
, James Stuart Wolffsohn

Siegfried Wahl, Jeroen A Mulder, Irina Yurievna Smirnova, Marino Formenti, Hema Radhakrishnan, Serge Resnikoff

Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary,Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
grid.13097.3c 0000 0001 2322 6764 Department of Women and Children’s Health (Paediatric Allergy, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine King’s College London London UK; grid.13097.3c 0000 0001 2322 6764 Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences King’s College London London UK; grid.425213.3 Children’s Allergy Service Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital London UK; grid.453156.0 0000 0000 9981 854X Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma London UK
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karis-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland,Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland
Gerontology Research Centre and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK. Electronic address: [email protected].
National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
Centre for Optometry and Vision Science research, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
Temple Street Children’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland,Centre for Eye Research Ireland (CERI) Technological University Dublin, Ireland
Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Optometry and Orthoptics, Hogeschool Utrecht, University of Applied Science, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
Department of Optometry and Orthoptics, Hogeschool Utrecht, University of Applied Science, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Siberian Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Myopia “Glazka”, Novosibirsk, Russia
Department of Physics, School of Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
The School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
Brien Holden Vision Institute and School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

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Abstract

The prevalence of myopia is increasing extensively worldwide. The number of people with myopia in 2020 is predicted to be 2.6 billion globally, which is expected to rise up to 4.9 billion by 2050, unless preventive actions and interventions are taken. The number of individuals with high myopia is also increasing substantially and pathological myopia is predicted to become the most common cause of irreversible vision impairment and blindness worldwide and also in Europe. These prevalence estimates indicate the importance of reducing the burden of myopia by means of myopia control interventions to prevent myopia onset and to slow down myopia progression. Due to the urgency of the situation, the European Society of Ophthalmology decided to publish this update of the current information and guidance on management of myopia. The pathogenesis and genetics of myopia are also summarized and epidemiology, risk factors, preventive and treatment options are discussed in details.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	853-883
Number of pages	31
Journal	European Journal of Ophthalmology
Volume	31
Issue number	3
Early online date	5 Mar 2021
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1177/1120672121998960
Publication status	Published - May 2021

Bibliographical note

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

Keywords

Myopia
atropine
blindness
myopia reduction interventions
orthokeratology
pathologic myopia
preventive medicine
time spent outdoors

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10.1177/1120672121998960Licence: CC BY-NC 3.0

Update and guidance on management of myopia
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).
Final published version, 745 KBLicence: CC BY-NC 3.0

Cite this

Németh, J., Tapasztó, B., Aclimandos, W. A., Kestelyn, P., Jonas, J. B., De Faber, J.-T. H. N., Januleviciene, I., Grzybowski, A., Nagy, Z. Z., Pärssinen, O., Guggenheim, J. A., Allen, P. M., Baraas, R. C., Saunders, K. J., Flitcroft, D. I., Gray, L. S., Polling, J. R., Haarman, A. EG., Tideman, J. W. L., ... Resnikoff, S. (2021). Update and guidance on management of myopia. European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute. European Journal of Ophthalmology, 31(3), 853-883. https://doi.org/10.1177/1120672121998960

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abstract = "The prevalence of myopia is increasing extensively worldwide. The number of people with myopia in 2020 is predicted to be 2.6 billion globally, which is expected to rise up to 4.9 billion by 2050, unless preventive actions and interventions are taken. The number of individuals with high myopia is also increasing substantially and pathological myopia is predicted to become the most common cause of irreversible vision impairment and blindness worldwide and also in Europe. These prevalence estimates indicate the importance of reducing the burden of myopia by means of myopia control interventions to prevent myopia onset and to slow down myopia progression. Due to the urgency of the situation, the European Society of Ophthalmology decided to publish this update of the current information and guidance on management of myopia. The pathogenesis and genetics of myopia are also summarized and epidemiology, risk factors, preventive and treatment options are discussed in details.",

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note = "This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).",

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Németh, J, Tapasztó, B, Aclimandos, WA, Kestelyn, P, Jonas, JB, De Faber, J-THN, Januleviciene, I, Grzybowski, A, Nagy, ZZ, Pärssinen, O, Guggenheim, JA, Allen, PM, Baraas, RC, Saunders, KJ, Flitcroft, DI, Gray, LS, Polling, JR, Haarman, AEG, Tideman, JWL, Wolffsohn, JS, Wahl, S, Mulder, JA, Smirnova, IY, Formenti, M, Radhakrishnan, H & Resnikoff, S 2021, 'Update and guidance on management of myopia. European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute', European Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 853-883. https://doi.org/10.1177/1120672121998960

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AU - Tapasztó, Beáta

AU - Aclimandos, Wagih A

AU - Kestelyn, Philippe

AU - Jonas, Jost B

AU - De Faber, Jan-Tjeerd H N

AU - Januleviciene, Ingrida

AU - Grzybowski, Andrzej

AU - Nagy, Zoltán Zsolt

AU - Pärssinen, Olavi

AU - Guggenheim, Jeremy A

AU - Allen, Peter M

AU - Baraas, Rigmor C

AU - Saunders, Kathryn J

AU - Flitcroft, Daniel Ian

AU - Gray, Lyle S

AU - Polling, Jan Roelof

AU - Haarman, Annechien EG

AU - Tideman, J Willem L

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AU - Wahl, Siegfried

AU - Mulder, Jeroen A

AU - Smirnova, Irina Yurievna

AU - Formenti, Marino

AU - Radhakrishnan, Hema

AU - Resnikoff, Serge

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KW - Myopia

KW - atropine

KW - blindness

KW - myopia reduction interventions

KW - orthokeratology

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KW - preventive medicine

KW - time spent outdoors

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Update and guidance on management of myopia. European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

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