Abstract
Vehicles with SAE Level 2 automated features are already in active use on the road, and vehicles with Level 3 or 4 will be with us soon. Although the vehicles provide support for longitudinal and lateral control, partially automated driving experience is sometimes more demanding than manual driving. However, the effects of automated driving on workload in naturalistic conditions have not been extensively investigated, as most studies have been undertaken in driving simulators. This study aims to extend the current understanding about workload in partially automated driving on public roads. Drivers' perceived workload was assessed after conducting manual and automated driving activities using a small sample (N = 8). They performed driving tasks in three contemporary vehicles with SAE Level 2 features, in highway and urban environments. The comparative findings revealed that drivers' perceived workload was higher in partially automated driving than manual driving. Furthermore, perceived workload was higher in urban environments than highway environments and in less experienced drivers than more experienced drivers. Although the findings may need to be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size, they provide a future research agenda that can be built upon.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 40-54 |
| Number of pages | 15 |
| Journal | Human Factors and Ergonomics In Manufacturing |
| Volume | 33 |
| Issue number | 1 |
| Early online date | 22 Aug 2022 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - Jan 2023 |
Bibliographical note
This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: [Kim, J., Revell, K., Langdon, P., Bradley, M., Politis, I., Thompson, S., Skrypchuk, L., O’Donoghue, J., Richardson, J., & Stanton, N. A. (2023). Partially automated driving has higher workload than manual driving: An on-road comparison of three contemporary vehicles with SAE Level 2 features. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 33(1), 40–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/hfm.20969], which has been published in final form at [https://doi.org/10.1002/hfm.20969]. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions. This article may not be enhanced, enriched or otherwise transformed into a derivative work, without express permission from Wiley or by statutory rights under applicable legislation. Copyright notices must not be removed, obscured or modified.Keywords
- driver interaction
- environment complexity
- on-road
- partial driving automation
- perceived workload