Sound pressure level of a Formula 3 car and the influence of detachable muffler-tip

Arun Arjunan; Ahmad Baroutaji

doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2021.100261

Sound pressure level of a Formula 3 car and the influence of detachable muffler-tip

Arun Arjunan^*, Ahmad Baroutaji

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

This study presents the initial findings associated with the noise emission tests that were carried out in preparation of the UWR Formula 3 car. Even though Formula 3 (F3) race cars are excluded from road vehicle noise emission regulations (EU No. 540/2014), their emission is closely regulated by Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) technical regulations. According to FIA regulations, the noise generated by participating cars must not exceed 110 dB (A-weighted) under specific test conditions. The acoustic tests presented in this study were carried out at RAF (Royal Air Force) Cosford airfield in the UK closely simulating FIA recommended conditions. The tests were established to characterise the noise emission of the car during drive-by and stationary conditions. In addition to measuring the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) emitted, the study was extended to evaluating the performance of a detachable muffler tip that is permitted under the FIA regulations. The study found that the tested muffler-tip did not reduce the LAeq acoustic emission under any of the test cases considered. Nevertheless, introducing muffler-tip worsened the LAeq levels by 0.2 dB which is within the standard acoustic measurement uncertainty. Overall, the paper establishes the noise levels associated with F3 cars and the requirement for customised muffler-tips as opposed to aftermarket ones for meaningful noise reduction without adversely affecting performance.

Original language	English
Article number	100261
Number of pages	8
Journal	Results in Engineering
Volume	11
Early online date	30 Jul 2021
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2021.100261
Publication status	Published - Sept 2021

Bibliographical note

Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Funding Information: This research was conducted with support from the University of Wolverhampton and the UWR race team.

Keywords

Finite element method
Formulae 3
Racing
Silencer
Sound pressure level

Access to Document

10.1016/j.rineng.2021.100261

Arjunan and Baroutaji_Sound pressure level Formula 3 car and detachable muffler tip
Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Final published version, 4.17 MBLicence: CC BY 4.0

Cite this

@article{a812887c8a6146589659da8239e3efcb,

title = "Sound pressure level of a Formula 3 car and the influence of detachable muffler-tip",

abstract = "This study presents the initial findings associated with the noise emission tests that were carried out in preparation of the UWR Formula 3 car. Even though Formula 3 (F3) race cars are excluded from road vehicle noise emission regulations (EU No. 540/2014), their emission is closely regulated by F{\'e}d{\'e}ration Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) technical regulations. According to FIA regulations, the noise generated by participating cars must not exceed 110 dB (A-weighted) under specific test conditions. The acoustic tests presented in this study were carried out at RAF (Royal Air Force) Cosford airfield in the UK closely simulating FIA recommended conditions. The tests were established to characterise the noise emission of the car during drive-by and stationary conditions. In addition to measuring the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) emitted, the study was extended to evaluating the performance of a detachable muffler tip that is permitted under the FIA regulations. The study found that the tested muffler-tip did not reduce the LAeq acoustic emission under any of the test cases considered. Nevertheless, introducing muffler-tip worsened the LAeq levels by 0.2 dB which is within the standard acoustic measurement uncertainty. Overall, the paper establishes the noise levels associated with F3 cars and the requirement for customised muffler-tips as opposed to aftermarket ones for meaningful noise reduction without adversely affecting performance.",

keywords = "Finite element method, Formulae 3, Racing, Silencer, Sound pressure level",

author = "Arun Arjunan and Ahmad Baroutaji",

note = "Copyright {\textcopyright} 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funding Information: This research was conducted with support from the University of Wolverhampton and the UWR race team. ",

year = "2021",

month = sep,

doi = "10.1016/j.rineng.2021.100261",

language = "English",

volume = "11",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Sound pressure level of a Formula 3 car and the influence of detachable muffler-tip

AU - Arjunan, Arun

AU - Baroutaji, Ahmad

N1 - Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funding Information: This research was conducted with support from the University of Wolverhampton and the UWR race team.

PY - 2021/9

Y1 - 2021/9

N2 - This study presents the initial findings associated with the noise emission tests that were carried out in preparation of the UWR Formula 3 car. Even though Formula 3 (F3) race cars are excluded from road vehicle noise emission regulations (EU No. 540/2014), their emission is closely regulated by Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) technical regulations. According to FIA regulations, the noise generated by participating cars must not exceed 110 dB (A-weighted) under specific test conditions. The acoustic tests presented in this study were carried out at RAF (Royal Air Force) Cosford airfield in the UK closely simulating FIA recommended conditions. The tests were established to characterise the noise emission of the car during drive-by and stationary conditions. In addition to measuring the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) emitted, the study was extended to evaluating the performance of a detachable muffler tip that is permitted under the FIA regulations. The study found that the tested muffler-tip did not reduce the LAeq acoustic emission under any of the test cases considered. Nevertheless, introducing muffler-tip worsened the LAeq levels by 0.2 dB which is within the standard acoustic measurement uncertainty. Overall, the paper establishes the noise levels associated with F3 cars and the requirement for customised muffler-tips as opposed to aftermarket ones for meaningful noise reduction without adversely affecting performance.

AB - This study presents the initial findings associated with the noise emission tests that were carried out in preparation of the UWR Formula 3 car. Even though Formula 3 (F3) race cars are excluded from road vehicle noise emission regulations (EU No. 540/2014), their emission is closely regulated by Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) technical regulations. According to FIA regulations, the noise generated by participating cars must not exceed 110 dB (A-weighted) under specific test conditions. The acoustic tests presented in this study were carried out at RAF (Royal Air Force) Cosford airfield in the UK closely simulating FIA recommended conditions. The tests were established to characterise the noise emission of the car during drive-by and stationary conditions. In addition to measuring the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) emitted, the study was extended to evaluating the performance of a detachable muffler tip that is permitted under the FIA regulations. The study found that the tested muffler-tip did not reduce the LAeq acoustic emission under any of the test cases considered. Nevertheless, introducing muffler-tip worsened the LAeq levels by 0.2 dB which is within the standard acoustic measurement uncertainty. Overall, the paper establishes the noise levels associated with F3 cars and the requirement for customised muffler-tips as opposed to aftermarket ones for meaningful noise reduction without adversely affecting performance.

KW - Finite element method

KW - Formulae 3

KW - Racing

KW - Silencer

KW - Sound pressure level

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85111666448&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123021000621

U2 - 10.1016/j.rineng.2021.100261

DO - 10.1016/j.rineng.2021.100261

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85111666448

SN - 2590-1230

VL - 11

JO - Results in Engineering

JF - Results in Engineering

M1 - 100261

ER -

Sound pressure level of a Formula 3 car and the influence of detachable muffler-tip

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Cite this