Synthesis of Carbon Onion and Its Application as a Porous Carrier for Amorphous Drug Delivery

Nikhila Miriyala; Daniel J. Kirby; Aude Cumont; Ruoying Zhang; Baogui Shi; Defang Ouyang; Haitao Ye

doi:10.3390/cryst10040281

Synthesis of Carbon Onion and Its Application as a Porous Carrier for Amorphous Drug Delivery

Nikhila Miriyala, Daniel J. Kirby, Aude Cumont, Ruoying Zhang, Baogui Shi, Defang Ouyang, Haitao Ye

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Abstract

Given the great potential of porous carrier-based drug delivery for stabilising the amorphous form of drugs and enhancing dissolution profiles, this work is focussed on the synthesis and application of carbon onion or onion-like carbon (OLC) as a porous carrier for oral amorphous drug delivery, using paracetamol (PA) and ibuprofen (IBU) as model drugs. Annealing of nanodiamonds at 1100 °C produced OLC with a diamond core that exhibited low cytotoxicity on Caco-2 cells. Solution adsorption followed by centrifugation was used for drug loading and results indicated that the initial concentration of drug in the loading solution needs to be kept below 11.5% PA and 20.7% IBU to achieve complete amorphous loading. Also, no chemical interactions between the drug and OLC could be detected, indicating the safety of loading into OLC without changing the chemical nature of the drug. Drug release was complete in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and was faster compared to the pure crystalline drug, indicating the potential of OLC as an amorphous drug carrier.

Original language	English
Article number	281
Journal	Crystals
Volume	10
Issue number	4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10040281
Publication status	Published - 7 Apr 2020

Bibliographical note

© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Keywords

Adsorption
Biocompatibility
Biomedical application
Nanodiamonds
Onion-like carbon

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10.3390/cryst10040281Licence: CC BY 3.0

Synthesis of Carbon Onion and Its Application
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
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title = "Synthesis of Carbon Onion and Its Application as a Porous Carrier for Amorphous Drug Delivery",

abstract = "Given the great potential of porous carrier-based drug delivery for stabilising the amorphous form of drugs and enhancing dissolution profiles, this work is focussed on the synthesis and application of carbon onion or onion-like carbon (OLC) as a porous carrier for oral amorphous drug delivery, using paracetamol (PA) and ibuprofen (IBU) as model drugs. Annealing of nanodiamonds at 1100 °C produced OLC with a diamond core that exhibited low cytotoxicity on Caco-2 cells. Solution adsorption followed by centrifugation was used for drug loading and results indicated that the initial concentration of drug in the loading solution needs to be kept below 11.5% PA and 20.7% IBU to achieve complete amorphous loading. Also, no chemical interactions between the drug and OLC could be detected, indicating the safety of loading into OLC without changing the chemical nature of the drug. Drug release was complete in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and was faster compared to the pure crystalline drug, indicating the potential of OLC as an amorphous drug carrier.",

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author = "Nikhila Miriyala and Kirby, {Daniel J.} and Aude Cumont and Ruoying Zhang and Baogui Shi and Defang Ouyang and Haitao Ye",

note = "{\textcopyright} 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).",

year = "2020",

month = apr,

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T1 - Synthesis of Carbon Onion and Its Application as a Porous Carrier for Amorphous Drug Delivery

AU - Miriyala, Nikhila

AU - Kirby, Daniel J.

AU - Cumont, Aude

AU - Zhang, Ruoying

AU - Shi, Baogui

AU - Ouyang, Defang

AU - Ye, Haitao

N1 - © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PY - 2020/4/7

Y1 - 2020/4/7

N2 - Given the great potential of porous carrier-based drug delivery for stabilising the amorphous form of drugs and enhancing dissolution profiles, this work is focussed on the synthesis and application of carbon onion or onion-like carbon (OLC) as a porous carrier for oral amorphous drug delivery, using paracetamol (PA) and ibuprofen (IBU) as model drugs. Annealing of nanodiamonds at 1100 °C produced OLC with a diamond core that exhibited low cytotoxicity on Caco-2 cells. Solution adsorption followed by centrifugation was used for drug loading and results indicated that the initial concentration of drug in the loading solution needs to be kept below 11.5% PA and 20.7% IBU to achieve complete amorphous loading. Also, no chemical interactions between the drug and OLC could be detected, indicating the safety of loading into OLC without changing the chemical nature of the drug. Drug release was complete in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and was faster compared to the pure crystalline drug, indicating the potential of OLC as an amorphous drug carrier.

AB - Given the great potential of porous carrier-based drug delivery for stabilising the amorphous form of drugs and enhancing dissolution profiles, this work is focussed on the synthesis and application of carbon onion or onion-like carbon (OLC) as a porous carrier for oral amorphous drug delivery, using paracetamol (PA) and ibuprofen (IBU) as model drugs. Annealing of nanodiamonds at 1100 °C produced OLC with a diamond core that exhibited low cytotoxicity on Caco-2 cells. Solution adsorption followed by centrifugation was used for drug loading and results indicated that the initial concentration of drug in the loading solution needs to be kept below 11.5% PA and 20.7% IBU to achieve complete amorphous loading. Also, no chemical interactions between the drug and OLC could be detected, indicating the safety of loading into OLC without changing the chemical nature of the drug. Drug release was complete in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and was faster compared to the pure crystalline drug, indicating the potential of OLC as an amorphous drug carrier.

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KW - Biomedical application

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KW - Onion-like carbon

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Synthesis of Carbon Onion and Its Application as a Porous Carrier for Amorphous Drug Delivery

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